The Evolution of Golfing Techniques and Their Impact on the Sport: A Comprehensive Analysis
- Introduction
Golf, a sport renowned for its precision and skill, has evolved
dramatically over the centuries. From its origins in the rolling hills
of Scotland to the manicured greens of today’s most prestigious courses,
golfing techniques have been shaped by time, culture, and innovation.
This analysis will explore the progression of these techniques and their
profound impact on the sport, delving into the evolution of equipment,
the pivotal role of technology in coaching, and the elevation of
professional golfing to an elite industry.
Early golf sought to master a simple set of mechanics, and the dawn
of golf videos shifted focus from ball trajectory to player form,
highlighting posture and club angle at impact. From the 1970s onwards,
advancements in swing analysis used electronics to monitor motion
variables, transitioning from early video analysis to formats that
monitored forwards yaws, hip and trunk rotation, and shoulder angles.
Concurrently, various swing theories and techniques emerged, and
educators turned to addressing the psychological nature of golf for
performance enhancement. These combined techniques made it possible for
experts to implement customized golf swings for increased power and
accuracy.
In 1995, the worldwide interest in professional golf was further
magnified by the advent of the Tiger Woods era. Golf, long considered an
elite game of leisure, became a multi-billion dollar and highly
magnified industry, resulting in an unprecedented boom in tourism. The
rise in interest has positively impacted various areas linked to golf,
ranging from equipment manufacturing to courses and hotels. The golf
tourism factor has closely stimulated social needs and encouraging
research into enhancing player performance. Attention spans have been
decreasing, shifting focus on the macro to the micro. As world
championships can be won with a last putt from roughly 60 feet or ca
four frozen seconds of the putt rolling over the lips, and as research
has shown the game to be played under 5 pars around the world annually,
it would appear that impractically larger swings produce a larger chance
of desired outcomes than other models.
Despite the financial advancement of the game, player performance has
been found stagnant in the years since the mid-1990s, even when
adjusting for age as deeper understandings of playing conditions have
been implemented. The theory of requirements has recently been
complemented by the theory of progression, unveiling golfers to exhibit
adaptations to their technique related to different effects of club-ball
interactions utilizing under moments during swings. Consequently,
contemporary professional male golfers more commonly adopt the hitting
technique than a swing technique.
- Historical Overview of Golfing Techniques
Emerging in the 15th century in Scotland, golf was played on the Town
Moor in Edinburgh, using wooden clubs and hand-carved balls. These
initial techniques, as demonstrated in illustrations from the 15th and
16th centuries, showed a varied grip and swing, suggesting a natural
evolution in golfing play and techniques. With its spread into England,
Ireland, and Europe, golf matured as a sport, creating a need for
standardized rules and equipment. In 1744, the first known set of golf
rules was drafted in Edinburgh, leading to the evolution of golfing
techniques. Long-shots, greens, shovels, and the brassie became key
components of the game. The 19th century also witnessed the invention of
iron clubs and the subsequent emergence of golfing clubs from St.
Andrews. (Cousins, 2023)
During the early years of its introduction to America, within two
decades, golf was being played at a variety of courses in nearly every
densely populated area, notably in New York City. Now rapidly growing in
sporting popularity, golf was formally adopted by the United States
Golf Association (USGA) in 1894. Its increased participation, from the
low-income population to upper socio-economic classes, facilitated the
establishment of new tournaments with longer prizes. Moreover, women
became increasingly involved as a result of the burgeoning interest in
golf. Subsequently, the competitive spirit led golf balls to undergo an
evolutionary change, advocating for golfing clubs and balls that were
closer to the present-day variety. (Austin, 2022)
With the turn of the century, attention was concentrated on the
rebirth of golf and its recuperation from its ancillary school of
excesses. Gear swept aside knickerbockers, silk knicker trousers, and
other somberly colored clothes in favor of a predominating cap and
jacket of tweed, medium grey mixed with warm brown and rich yellow. Not
only golf but tennis as well had inspired vigorous notice and into it
had rushed the whole nation. Taming the wildness of golf, in 1903,
Wilding had become the amateur champion of the United States before
winning Wimbledon the following year. This period remained otherwise
notable because Big Bertha knocked all other golf balls silly and nearly
into the junk pile with its huge face of 6.79 inches head attached to a
shaft of 47 inches. (Rebanal MartÃnez, 2021)
- Key Traditional Golfing Techniques
Golf is a sport that has a long history behind it. Since the sport
gained huge fame and number of followers across the globe, several
golfing techniques have evolved and altered the playstyle and style of
the game. Golfing techniques occurred both naturally and innovatively.
The focus of this section is to analyze the most impactful and
widespread golfing techniques that have impacted the game most. (Suzuki
et al., 2021)
3.1. Grip and Stance
One of the most significant developments in golfing techniques was
the discovery of proper grip and stance styles. These two techniques are
the most basic in golfing and play a significant role in determining
the outcome of the game. The selection of the proper grip is critical to
play the game properly. The grip of the driver is one of the major
factors in determining the play and path of the ball. Selecting the
proper grip technique allows the golfer to strike the ball from all the
surfaces of the golf course evenly. Early on, a lot of golfers adopted
the splitting of the index finger technique of gripping, either
overlapping or interlocking or gripping with all 10 fingers. However,
learning to grip it properly takes much more time as the public exposure
to it was minimum. Gradually with technological advancement, special
caps were developed and ball tracking gadgets were invented. These
gadgets and balls provided instant outcome of the game after the impact
of the driver. Analyzing the golf ball spin and path, the experts
suggested changing the grip technique enabling the golfer to point their
thumb at the high left region of the shaft while keeping their hand
rotated clockwise by 45 degrees. Using this grip technique, a golfer's
club face would start at maximum closed position preventing the draw
hook of the ball. (Navarro Lasunción, 2024)
Other widely used grip techniques with curved driver and ridges on
the shape of the driver head resulted in an unintended hook path on the
right leading to a miss-hit. Matched with the wrong stance, the
unintended hook path continued with hands placed in front of the ball
leading to an insufficiently closed face preventing the draw path. There
were also recommendations from gear effect drives used having a shaft
positively tilted towards the right from the vertical being useless for
the golf set with driver have a head of a high vertical angled aligned
with the fore link tilt. While this tended on increasing miss-hit
affecting the distance, this also caused the hit on the optimal impact
with the club face not parallel to the path of the driver nearly
impeding the general tendency on time delay producing a meanwhile
unliking swerve from players. (Trustees)
The stance in core requires power and this golf pose, playing a
significant role between address and impact, has received little
attention from teaching professionals compared with grip or swing
techniques. Golfers with stable stance in general do not raise or lower
their heads before or into backswing be likely to achieve more
consistence shots. Thus, investigating the effect of stance technique
requires assessing its amplitude throughout the whole swing and
comparing the address and impact postures.
The head movement produced in the stance would bed a golfer to start
the swing along a wrong path in a miss-hit with a hook or slice shot.
Additionally, right-players flare to poorly rotate their hips and
shoulders producing shoring shots. On the other side, flexibility across
the upper body or within the lower body drives somewhat core-level
players needing over-rotation of the upper body during the backswing or
excessive forward push with the lower body after impact. However, few
golfers are properly taught to stretch manually to reach a wider stance
before address.
3.2. Swing Mechanics
Another traditional golfing technique is swinging in sync with the
body. This technique teaches the players to follow the core rotational
swing mechanics and circle the driver around one axis to play the ball
instead of swaying axis in a miss-hit forming either slice or hook
shots. Using amateurs (body type mass 74.5 kg height 1.75 m ) and ten
top professional golfer's (PGA tour average drive distance 288.5±11.5
yards) with club heads sampled by high-speed cameras and various
targets, this traditional technique has also been developed.
Parameterizing a three-dimensional inverse kinematic model representing
overall body and club movement, the effect of the traditional technique
and stored parameters is compared through performing a full golf swing,
addressing how the differences around the average from the parameters
stored within each group affect the likelihood on miss-hit. (Hasley et
al.2023)
The method concentrates on the motion aspect, choosing a local
coordinate system at ground level with an origin fixed in the position
of the golf ball and with axes pointing down the fairway, left and up
for distance and vertical movements respectively. With regards to
twenty-nine parameters describing the movement of the golf swing
covering both body angles, positions and club face positions, the
results yield a greater likelihood on miss-hit with amateurs than with
top professionals severely indicating that educational systems would
greatly enhance the precision of this sport. (ToSell & Saturday)
Modern golf is a sport of precision. Therefore, playing under
different configurations on course, club, equipment and environment
match with the swing mechanics of players define unique characters
influencing the outcome of the play. By controlling for some factors,
affecting the probability of miss-hit can be categorized into three
parts conventionally referred to as play styles influencing the stance
and swing. Enhancing performance comprises techniques altering stroke
playstyle to almost systematically inhibit execution with miss-hit or
miss-rim.
3.1. Grip and Stance
Central to the essence of golf lies the grip and stance—the
foundational techniques upon which every other element of the game
rests. Irrespective of the club in hand or the skill level of the
golfer, this initial and primal action inevitably shapes the success of
every shot played. Despite the subtle variations among golfers, whether
leisurely players, seasoned amateurs, or elite professionals, grip and
stance exhibit remarkable uniformity and graphical simplicity. Analyzing
these two techniques sheds light not only on the sport as a whole but
also on the everyday champion or played ball. (Wells, 2022)
Progressing from the outside in, the stance serves as the golfer's
base of support throughout the entire swing. Only with solid, equal
foundation can the golfer swing the club forwards and backwards around
that fixed point. Both feet part distance and angle to the ball relative
to the target are memories etched in the minds of most conscientious
amateur golfers. Conversely, the grip, a more complex technique,
consists of multiple actions made by both hands with the fingers and
thumb of each hand against the club at the same time. Upon the grip is
built the inadvertent pivot of the swing, the hands on the club
controlling the face of the club and thus ultimately influencing the
path of the arc. (Yang et al.2021)
While the momentary grip on the club is the fiest action shared by
every golfer, uniqueness of the grip lies in regards to the club. Each
club is different in form and feel, hence muscle memory is burnt by the
unique act repeated with each club, and new twists in hands and wrists
are added onto the basic grip. These intricacies are due to the fact
that putter, iron, hybrid, wood, and driver all possess different lofts,
lengths, and thus unique flex dynamics (whether aiming to keep the ball
low, induce a slight loft, or to arc up the drive). Nevertheless, the
grip is the only act from which the later swing peace is unwound.
(Hocknell et al., 2020)(Holland et al.2020)
3.2. Swing Mechanics
In traditional golfing techniques, swing mechanics play a vital role
in imparting the necessary power, accuracy, and consistency to the
flight of the ball. The golf swing can be simply visualized as an arc of
circular motion around a fixed axis, in which the clubhead moves
towards a pivoted point in front of the body. A fundamental postulate of
the golf swing is that the club must not be swung across the body
during the downswing. It must instead be swung down and out. The path of
the clubhead takes a symmetrical arc: down and in during the downswing,
and up and out during the follow-through. The path of the golf ball
must be compatible with the path of the clubhead at impact. The club
must be swung down from a position well above the line of the ball so
that the clubhead meets the ball just as the clubhead is on an outward
path.
Another key point of traditional golf swing mechanics is that it must
conform to ball-centering and impact position requirements, no matter
how the club is gripped and so the wrist hinge or how minimized the
lateral movement there is of the protruding body parts. The clubhead
must be swung similarly around stacked vertical axes on both the back
and forward motions. Both the backswing and follow-through must be
performed in an arc motion that is of a uniform radius and is centered
behind the body's core. In order to square the clubface at impact, the
club must be swung reflexively over-restricted through the slot. In an
attempt to prevent the ball from going to the right, the club must
either re-extend a protruding arm or a wrist has to be unhinged too
late.
There are biomechanical adjustments to traditional swing mechanics to
create a normal golf swing free from hooked strokes. Adjustment of the
arm's length of swing and pivot point is performed, so as to consider
the baseball swing mechanics of working in a wider arc while continuing
to adhere to the traditional grip. In line with fixed pivoting points of
both the anchored legs and a core, the arms must be freed from the
body's pivot to control the swing radius of the club circled by the
arms. This could in turn free the clubs of being swung excessively
within the body. To create an arched swing path, the shoulders and the
forearms must be swung downwards by movers in charge of the pulled sides
of the torso.
- Technological Advancements in Golf Equipment
In the intricate tapestry of golf’s storied heritage, it’s frequently
the quiet evolution behind the scenes that has had the most lasting
consequences. Though it is often easy to recall the flamboyant
politicians and pro athletes who have played the game, the focus here is
instead on lesser-known figures who have played a crucial part in
changing the nature of the sport. Decades before the modern game took
hold, innovators tinkering with rudimentary wooden instruments had a
profound effect on how golf was played. Given the game’s glacial and
genteel pace of life, it is easy to misconstrue golf as a quaint pastime
sustained by social and economic traditions. However, golf has never
really stopped changing. Indeed, the game is replete with breakthroughs
in technique that have irrevocably shaped how the sport is played.
Greenkeeping, the ball, and the club have all received attention in this
study on the evolution of golf equipment. (Millard, 2023)
In each instance, innovations that worked their way upwards from
relatively small roots transformed the fabric of the entire sport. It
wasn’t always a linear or easy process. Opposition to rubber balls was
widespread, and clubmakers feared what would happen to golf in the
transition from wooden to metal-headed clubs. As alternatives have
arisen, so too have concerns about their sustainability for the game.
But legislation has kept pace with innovation, and throughout golf’s
history such changes have had a far-reaching effect on the mechanics of
technique and the playing of the game itself. Arguably, the most
impactful development has been the introduction of technology.
Club-making methods and material sciences have outstripped the skill of
the club professional, as has the golfiness of golf course design. At
one fell swoop, this has rendered the great par-threes of the craft
obsolete. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the world of golf has
been left wanting. In some respects, the game’s rich history has
underestimated the effect technology would ultimately have on golf. In
challenging the adequacy of human endeavour, it is likely to continue
reshaping technique and the sport for decades into the future. As golf
begins its own paradigm shift, it is likely to usher in a new generation
of feral and free-spirited golfers bent on domination.
- Modern Golfing Techniques
The advent of technological innovation and scientific advancement,
primarily identifiable in the last two decades of the twentieth century,
prompted a revolution in golfing techniques and methodologies. An
emerging industry, golf biomechanics inadvertently fueled this
revolution by mechanizing and simplifying golf swings while
theoretically minimizing the risk of golf-related injury. By accurately
measuring the kinematically remarkable movement of the human body in two
and three-dimensional spaces, golf biomechanics began to prompt a
re-evaluation of past golfing methods. Meanwhile, an upswing in the use
of golf simulators and innovative golfing training was notable. Previous
errors in golf swings were corrected or slowed with the incorporation
of slow-motion kinetic studies. Resultingly, a revolution similar to the
re-evaluation of swinging techniques in golf biomechanics and pseudo
golf was prompted within golfing cultures. A list of referential golfing
figures of modern golfing techniques and their techniques has become a
cultural norm in the global golf culture. An index is commonly referred
to for golfing techniques and their analysis, and a checklist could
readily and easily find its way into an amateur golfer's golf bag. Most
of modern golfing techniques are biomechanical or kinematic by nature
and gradually becomes mechanical, offering universally applicable and
culturally broad methodologies. With the mechanical nature of golfing,
modeling is prominently involved, reducing golf swings and inquiry into a
system of modularity on repeatable, testable motion.
Yet, modeling entails a reduction of the complex mixture found in
golf swings while representing only the most relevant aspects of motion
and, in turn, negating specific conditions. As a result, a model raises
the concern of an inevitable cultural appropriation that homogenizes
bodily motion, associated consciousness, and adherent verbalizations,
other than casting golf swings as “an intuitive game” that renders golf
swings and their culture art-like. Therefore, in light of its social
frames, paradigmatic and iconic, golf modeling necessitates a
comprehensive analysis - understanding both the affordance it bears for
concentrated interests in bodily technique, consciousness, and culture,
and its subsequent cultural epiphenomena. The inroad for such an
analysis is gained via an inquiry into the pioneering models of golf
swings by acclaimed golf figures. Similar to today’s golf syllabuses
that gather iconic figures’ golf swings and disseminate their
mission-statement-like verbalization, prominent golfing figures’
modeling gratifies a prospective golfer desire to enhance golfing
techniques, reckoning the cited concern of reproducible golf swings.
This takes the next question as to how to improve such reproducible
golfing techniques, which barely offers mutual and specific answers,
other than modeling without a framework to analyze the social nexus that
holds the compliant relationship between bodily technique and
consciousness. Therefore, within the modern golfing culture entirely
pervaded by golfing modeling, golf figure studies appear necessary.
(Yordanov et al., 2022)
5.1. Biomechanics and Kinematics
Biomechanics and Kinematics: Human body and strength have greatly
affected how bio-mechanics has emerged in sports. Body types and
strengths vary from person to person. Some people have better swing
speeds, while others have better swing lines. In Golf, the primary
movement is rotation at the shoulders, pelvis, knees, and feet. All
these rotational body movements affect club speed and distances. This
biomechanical analysis focuses on the golf swing motion with a
right-handed player, encompassing positions from the back swing, down
swing, and follow through for bio-mechanical explanations. A major
intention of this analysis is to determine and discuss some key
bio-mechanical aspects of the golf swing in comparison to the golf
swings of the rookie and the professional players filmed by the St-2
mini camcorders. In this analysis, the veterans and their swings would
be also looked at with respect to biomechanics to check the swings and
movements. (Gould et al.2021)
Clubs’ types and specifications are a big part of modern golf. Golf
manufacturers spend so much time, money, and effort trying to make golf
technology that provides players with better equipment that makes the
overall game easier. The main types and specifications in clubs are the
loft, lie, length, weight consistency, swing weight, shaft tip age,
grooves, and face types. The lifetime of endurance and consistency of
clubs is often compared with other sports like tennis or baseball.
Weather and play can affect the precision and potential of the equipment
and change how they perform. The rules of club types are based upon the
USGA rules. The creativity and skills in the play can be lost or
changed with overly complex club technology. The point of this analysis
is to investigate clubs as modern technology, equipment of golf,
history, types, strengths, and rules.
Lastly, putting has been very computerized in recent times, and these
systems are mainly found inside the houses of golfers. Systems to putt
are hugely mechanical and computerized. To the public, these are
regarded as an illegal use of equipment by the USGA rules. The industry
of golf is now entering a scientific and mechanical time. Tennis,
baseball, basketball, other sports, and their athletes think of ways to
get better by using better, smarter technology. Human be-havior,
flexibility of the biomechanics of golf is studied more than it ever has
been. The general idea of golf has modernized from traditional club use
to mechanical bio-mechanical and technological golf ways. The game of
golf is still the same as it once was and should feel and sometimes be
used that whether the game hasn’t changed much.
5.2. Mental and Psychological Strategies
In addition to physical considerations, the evolution of golfing
techniques must involve an overview of the mental and psychological
strategies in the game. Golf presents a generally unique sporting
challenge, unlike most other popular sports. Golfing matches can last
from a short 2 hours to over 4 hours, involving the same (comparative)
situation throughout the round, with the main additional variable from a
golfing perspective being the course location. The game itself does not
have other competitors impeding the performance of other competitors,
which is a primary aspect of most competitive sporting events. Such
factors mean that these variables need to be dealt with in different
ways practically and mentally. As a result, golfers must fine-tune
techniques in terms of performance, understanding the zone of control,
and preparation before and even during a round. This could best be
illustrated by considering the case of one Mexican golfer. (Whitehead
& Jackman, 2021)(Oliver et al.2021)
Sometimes the metagame needs to be understood to strategize the
techniques further and control each performance based on strategic
choices that could depend on the golfing situation, physical environment
(ground, wind, and heart rate), and mainly performance and situation
statistics. Although similar comparative techniques concerning the
hurdles must be used (such as meteorological statistics and ground
understanding), the golfer possesses a personal meta-knowledge. Despite
winning tournaments against male players, the winning techniques were
first based on knowing which holes are best for the average male player
and trying to comprehend such stats from a different viewpoint, taking
the ESPN Stats and Info team’s possible projections to understand the
whole player perspective holistically. One advantage was that overall
performances could be compared, but not on a stroke basis. From such
differences and distances, possible plays to gain advantage on putting
and driving could be analyzed depending on whole distance outputs,
grass, topography, and other possible required pitches. Such edge
considerations were planned and used progressively throughout rounds.
Another personal understanding of individual techniques based on
performance intimate knowledge is how to be in “the zone.” This involves
controlling and understanding many thoughts, visualizations, and
sensations (mindfulness) concerning positive and negative traits and
stimuli that promote or disrupt performance. This level was
progressively obtained through rigorous daily effort and analyze of
various performances under such conditions. Once trained, it is
essential to exercise this state to dispose of it and be ready for use
at any point. Such a technique is closely related to breathing and some
routine actions before swinging with the putter, shorter clubs, and
driver, which help to place the tasks within the best condition zone to
control them suitably. Using the context to feel emotions and stimuli
clearly is crucial to signal immediately where it is best (and needed)
to focus more and not just continue to shake player heads.
Being relaxed is also a constant approached challenge, especially
when tied for first or leading. In this state, focus is lost and hence
control, and it must be planned before and after the round to either
maintain a fluent rhythm when playing or breathe and try to feel relaxed
on each action otherwise. On the physiological aspect, alcohol can be
exploited to be used and limit to achieve a certain performance point.
- The Impact of Evolving Techniques on Performance and Strategy
Through analysis of archived materials, the impact of technology and
scientific knowledge on golf techniques is assessed. Instructions were
initially rudimentary but became more structured and based on anatomical
insights and human behavior. A shift from fundamental improvement with
awareness to technique refinement for elite players was observed.
Changes commonly target styles of movement rather than player
individuality and requirement. Analysis of past and current documents
reveals the impact and concern regarding the influence of evolving
techniques on golf performance and strategy selection. (Wells &
Langdown, 2020)
The impact of evolving techniques on performance and strategy
selection: An analysis based on archived materials on golf technique
instruction spanning more than 120 years emphasizes the influence and
concern surrounding technique. This analysis distinguishes four periods
in the evolution of instruction and discusses the resulting focus of
performance improvement and strategy selection.
With the advent of increasing technology and scientific knowledge,
including progress in physical education, structural exploration of the
human body, the notion of unconscious motivation, video and computer
instruction, and sports psychology, golf techniques recorded between
1869 and 2008 are analyzed to examine the impact of evolving techniques
on golf performance and strategy selection. All the documents are
archived in England, specifically the British Library of Sports and The
Open Championship.
The performance of golf is determined by a sequence of strategy
selections and executions, considering two phases of action: strategy
consideration, which refers to creating a sequence of actions to execute
at a specific time, and strategy evaluation, which refers to checking
the overall cost-effectiveness of the selected strategies. With such a
historical perspective, the impact of evolving techniques can be
evaluated in terms of changes in the focus of performance improvement
and strategy selection. Hence, the disposition of past and present golf
instruction documents is examined in terms of the focus of evolving
coaching knowledge, norm observation, and coaching view of players, all
as targets for consideration. (Roberts et al.2021)
- Conclusion and Future Directions
The game of golf has evolved in multiple ways over the years, with
changes in clubs and technology, the construction of courses and walking
or buggy riding, the professionalization of the sport, changes in the
amateur ethos, and societal perceptions. This review addressed these
topics and provided insight into the evolution of golfing techniques and
their impact on the sport. In particular, the evolution of golf clubs
with historic roots, technological developments, and the golf swing
mechanism were elaborately discussed. It is hoped that this review would
help in the future understanding of golf and assist in making decisions
over the future of golf.
In conclusion, golf is the game of putters and drivers, greens and
fairways, wedges, and who knows how many others when it comes to clubs. A
golf club in the strictest definition implies a stick with a curved
end, or several curved ends that are used to hit the golf ball. Golf
clubs comprise of shaft, club head, hosel, grip, and face. There are
several types of clubs used in golf, putting clubs, short clubs,
mid-range clubs, long clubs, wedges, and drivers. The design and
material of clubs can dramatically affect the flight of a golf ball.
Using the right type of club can help a player improve their game. This
paper presents historical roots of clubs from refashioned farm
implements to highly machined titanium heads, discusses the evolution of
clubs over the years and ends with future expectations over clubs.
Although golf swings appear to be simple to the untrained eye,
close-up viewing demonstrates the remarkable complexity of motions
involved. Throughout the golf swing, a complex interplay of biomechanics
and motion exists. Golfers generate kinetic energy in a swinging motion
and transfer throughout the golfer to the hands that holds the club.
This energy is converted into a ball-launching motion powered by a
series of motion-to-force conversions acting on the club’s head. The
golf swing is a movement skill, involving dynamic coordination of legs,
hips, trunk, shoulders, arms, hands, and clubs in a serial way. It’s
important in both golf swing analysis and instructional improvement to
recognize and understand the biomechanics supporting the golf swing.
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